A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney
when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly
concentrated. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary
tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass on its own,
causing little or no pain. A larger stone may get stuck along the
urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or
bleeding.Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract.
What causes it?
Kidney stones can form when substances in the urine—such as calcium,
oxalate, and phosphorus become highly concentrated. Certain foods may
promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, but scientists do
not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in
people who are not susceptible. People who do not drink enough fluids
may also be at higher risk, as their urine is more concentrated. Usually people who don't drink enough water. It is known that kidney stones occur far more often in men then in women.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LngbrHJkXoE
Wednesday, 19 June 2013
Circulatory System Review!
For some reason I couldn't get the diagrams to work so I just listed them instead!
(Top to bottom)
Of the heart:
1.superior vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid- right AV valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Inferior vena cava
6. Aorta
7. Pulmonary artery
8. Right semilunar valve
9. Pulmonary vein
10. Left atrium
11. Bicuspic- left AV valve
12. Left ventricle
Subclavian arteries and veins- The arteries carry oxygenated blood to the arms, while the deoxygenated blood is carried from the arms to the superior vena cava.
Jugular veins- These veins carry deoxygenated blood from the head to the superior vena cava.
Carotid arteries- Carries oxygenated blood to the head
Mesentric arteries- Carries oxygenated blood to the digestive tract.
Superior and inferior vena cava- The largest veins and the superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from head, neck, and veins. The inferior vena cava collects blood from the trunk and legs.
Hepatic vein, and hepatic portal vein- the hepatic veins runs from the liver to the inferior vena cava, while the hepatic portal vein runs from the small intestine to the liver.
Renal arteries and veins- carry deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to and from the kidneys.
Iliac arteries and veins- the iliac arteries and veins carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the legs.
Coronary arteries and veins- carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the head muscle.
Compare the following:
1. The primary distinction from systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation is that the systemic circulation runs to and from body cells and the body, while pulmonary circulation runs to and from the heart and lungs. The pulmnonary system is incredibly important as this is where gas exchange takes place and without this circulation, the systemic circluation would not be able to do its job. The systemic circulation carries many different types of blood vessels ranging from elastic to muscular, and branches off into all tissues. The pulmonary circulation only has two types of blood vessels that only branch off into the lungs. In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues from the left ventricle of the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the right ventricle.In the systemic circulation, veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the right atrium of the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the left atrium. Arteries carry oxygenated blood and have thicker and more muscular walls in order to pump to the rest of the body, while the veins are thinner. Veins also have valves that prevent the backflow of deoxygenated blood, while arteries do not.
2. The oxygenated blood that is carried to the brain through the carotid artery is then turned into deoxygenated blood after the exchange has taken place and the oxygen has reached its destination. After this, the deoxygenated blood returns down the jugular vein and into the superior vena cava. From there, the deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and then past the triscuspid valve into the right ventricle. The deoxygenated blood is then pumped past the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Past the pulmonary artery, the deoxygenated blood enters the lungs where gas exhange takes place. the carbon dioxide is breathed out and oxygen is breathed in, oxidizing the blood. From here, the newly oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart through the pulmonary veins and then into the left atrium. From the the left atrium the blood travels past the bicuspid or mitral valve into the left ventricle. After this, the blood travels past the aortic semi-lunar valve into the aorta. This is where the oxygenated blood is pumped to reach the rest of the body.
3. In a fetus, the lungs and digestive system has nothing to digest. The baby gets all of its nutrients and respiration needs from the placenta, which is attached to the inside of the womb. The baby also has umbilical veins and arteries which supply blood to the baby that are intertwined with the placenta. The umbilical veins drain into the ductuc venosus which moves the blood to the inferior vena cava. A baby also have something called the formen ovale which is a hole which runs form the right atrium to the left atrium. This prevents the blood from going to the lungs which cannot be used.
(Top to bottom)
Of the heart:
1.superior vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid- right AV valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Inferior vena cava
6. Aorta
7. Pulmonary artery
8. Right semilunar valve
9. Pulmonary vein
10. Left atrium
11. Bicuspic- left AV valve
12. Left ventricle
Subclavian arteries and veins- The arteries carry oxygenated blood to the arms, while the deoxygenated blood is carried from the arms to the superior vena cava.
Jugular veins- These veins carry deoxygenated blood from the head to the superior vena cava.
Carotid arteries- Carries oxygenated blood to the head
Mesentric arteries- Carries oxygenated blood to the digestive tract.
Superior and inferior vena cava- The largest veins and the superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from head, neck, and veins. The inferior vena cava collects blood from the trunk and legs.
Hepatic vein, and hepatic portal vein- the hepatic veins runs from the liver to the inferior vena cava, while the hepatic portal vein runs from the small intestine to the liver.
Renal arteries and veins- carry deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to and from the kidneys.
Iliac arteries and veins- the iliac arteries and veins carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the legs.
Coronary arteries and veins- carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the head muscle.
Compare the following:
Pulmonary vs. systemic (blood vessels, function, oxygenated vs. deoxygenated)
Arteries vs. veins (structure)
1. The primary distinction from systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation is that the systemic circulation runs to and from body cells and the body, while pulmonary circulation runs to and from the heart and lungs. The pulmnonary system is incredibly important as this is where gas exchange takes place and without this circulation, the systemic circluation would not be able to do its job. The systemic circulation carries many different types of blood vessels ranging from elastic to muscular, and branches off into all tissues. The pulmonary circulation only has two types of blood vessels that only branch off into the lungs. In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues from the left ventricle of the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the right ventricle.In the systemic circulation, veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the right atrium of the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the left atrium. Arteries carry oxygenated blood and have thicker and more muscular walls in order to pump to the rest of the body, while the veins are thinner. Veins also have valves that prevent the backflow of deoxygenated blood, while arteries do not.
2. The oxygenated blood that is carried to the brain through the carotid artery is then turned into deoxygenated blood after the exchange has taken place and the oxygen has reached its destination. After this, the deoxygenated blood returns down the jugular vein and into the superior vena cava. From there, the deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and then past the triscuspid valve into the right ventricle. The deoxygenated blood is then pumped past the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Past the pulmonary artery, the deoxygenated blood enters the lungs where gas exhange takes place. the carbon dioxide is breathed out and oxygen is breathed in, oxidizing the blood. From here, the newly oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart through the pulmonary veins and then into the left atrium. From the the left atrium the blood travels past the bicuspid or mitral valve into the left ventricle. After this, the blood travels past the aortic semi-lunar valve into the aorta. This is where the oxygenated blood is pumped to reach the rest of the body.
3. In a fetus, the lungs and digestive system has nothing to digest. The baby gets all of its nutrients and respiration needs from the placenta, which is attached to the inside of the womb. The baby also has umbilical veins and arteries which supply blood to the baby that are intertwined with the placenta. The umbilical veins drain into the ductuc venosus which moves the blood to the inferior vena cava. A baby also have something called the formen ovale which is a hole which runs form the right atrium to the left atrium. This prevents the blood from going to the lungs which cannot be used.
Monday, 3 June 2013
Engagement in class!
I am engaged by participating in class discussions, and asking questions regularly! This is how I show my activity in class, I enjoy the discussions and by asking these questions I gain a full round comprehension of the topic at hand. I make sure that I contribute and finish my homework in class before going home and Although I am a little behind on my blog posts right now, I make sure to stay on top of the material and ask for clarification if a test or quiz is coming up.
Monday, 20 May 2013
Playland Assignment :)
1. My heart rate increased significantly while waiting in line, it was more rapid. Although I don't have any evidence of recording my heart rate, I did take it down. It was around 117 just because of the excitement of the ride, and after the ride my hear rate was a little bit higher around 120.
2. I think my heart rate is affected by the stress of a situation like saying "We're having a pop quiz" would illicit a faster heart rate. This is because the heart is responding withe nerves and chemicals to external forces.
3. Breathing is effected similarly like the heart. It is similar because it's the reaction of the body to the stress of a situation or a chemical change due to fear.
4. My hands grew clammy and cold. Clammy hands occur due to hyperactive nerves, that send signals to the sweat glands in the skin in the sympathetic nervous system. It is also caused by a rise in temperature in the body.
2. I think my heart rate is affected by the stress of a situation like saying "We're having a pop quiz" would illicit a faster heart rate. This is because the heart is responding withe nerves and chemicals to external forces.
3. Breathing is effected similarly like the heart. It is similar because it's the reaction of the body to the stress of a situation or a chemical change due to fear.
4. My hands grew clammy and cold. Clammy hands occur due to hyperactive nerves, that send signals to the sweat glands in the skin in the sympathetic nervous system. It is also caused by a rise in temperature in the body.
Thursday, 9 May 2013
Heart dissection questions!
1. Compare the structure of the atria and ventricles - how are they different? Why is that?
The structure for the atria has thinner walls than the ventricle, which tends to be thicker. The atria have lower blood pressure while the ventricles have a higher blood pressure. In addition the atria are the upper chamber of the heart while the ventricles are the lower chamber of the heart.
2. Did you notice a difference between the veins and arteries entering and leaving the heart? How is their structure different?
Arteries tend to carry oxygenated blood from the heart, and veins transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Like before the arteries tend to have more muscular and thicker walls, which in turn are more elastic than veins. Veins have a thin wall and maintain less elasticity, the blood flow is slower, unlike in the arteries where blood tends travel rapidly.
3. Describe the valves that you found in the heart - what are their functions?
There are 4 different valves found in the heart, the pulmonic valve, the tricuspid, the mitral and the aortic valve. They all aid in the proper blood flow through the heart, keep blood moving efficiently and smoothly, and most importantly in the right direction. There pulmonic is also nicknamed the left semilunar valve, because of its outward structure.
- What surprised you about dissecting the heart? Why?
It surprised us by how muscular and heavy it was, we didn’t expect it to way so much, but it makes sense that it does.
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